how a computer works

Network Systems

Networks are the backbone of global infrastructure

what is networking?

Understand how computers communicate with each other and what problems networking aims to solve.
the osi model

Learn about the 7-layer OSI model, a conceptual framework for understanding network communication.
the physical layer

Explore the physical means of data transmission, including cables, radio waves, and signaling.
the link layer

Understand how devices on the same network communicate using MAC addresses and Ethernet frames.
the network layer

Learn how data is routed across networks using IP addresses and packet forwarding.
ip addressing and subnetting

Dive into how IP addresses identify devices, and how subnetting organizes networks.
the transport layer

Compare TCP and UDP, and see how they ensure reliable or fast delivery of data between applications.
transmission control protocol (tcp)

Understand how TCP handles data transmission with reliability, order, and flow control.
the application layer

Explore how application protocols like HTTP, DNS, and SMTP operate at the top of the stack.
the http protocol

See how the web works under the hood using HTTP for request-response communication between clients and servers.
the dns protocol

Learn how domain names are resolved into IP addresses through the global DNS system.
email protocols: smtp, imap, and pop

Understand how email is sent, stored, and retrieved using SMTP, IMAP, and POP protocols.
the ftp protocol

Learn how the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to upload and download files between systems.
peer-to-peer networking

Explore how P2P systems distribute data directly between users without relying on centralized servers.
firewalls, nat, and modern networking

Wrap up with how real-world networks use firewalls, NAT, and VPNs to stay secure and scalable.